Tahitian Woman On The Beach

Fifth alphabetic character of the Latin alphabet

Eastward
E due east
(See beneath)

Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[eastward] [e̞] [ɛ] [ə] [ɪ~i] [ɘ] [ʲe] [h] (English language variations)
Unicode codepoint	`U+0045, U+0065`
Alphabetical position	5
History
Development	Ε ε ϵ 𐌄 Eastward e
Time menstruation	c. 700 BC to present
Descendants	♯ Ə Æ Œ € ℮ Ǝ ∈ ℯ ℇ ℰ ℥ &
Sisters	Е Э Є Ё Ә Һ ה ه ܗ Ɛ Ե ե Է է Ը ը ࠄ 𐎅 Ⲉ
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	ee, e(10), e(x)(y)
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, run into Help:IPA. For the stardom between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Due east, or e, is the fifth letter and the 2d vowel letter in the mod English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is e (pronounced ); plural ees,^[ane] Es or E's.^[2] It is the virtually commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish.^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] ^[seven]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph qʼ	Proto-Sinaitic	Proto-Canaanite hillul	Phoenician He	Etruscan E	Greek Epsilon	Latin/ Cyrillic E

The Latin letter of the alphabet 'East' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started equally a praying or calling human effigy (hillul 'jubilation'), and was most likely based on a like Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to represent /east/. The diverse forms of the Quondam Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.

Use in writing systems

Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨e⟩ in European languages

English

Although Middle English spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and curt /east/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while brusque /ɛ/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the alphabetic character is silent, generally at the end of words like queue.

Other languages

In the orthography of many languages it represents either [e], [e̞], [ɛ], or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, oft with diacritics (as: ⟨e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less unremarkably, as in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨e⟩ represents a mid-primal vowel /ə/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to signal either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English language, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨eu⟩ for /ø/ in French or /ɔɪ/ in German.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨e⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front end unrounded vowel.

Most common alphabetic character

'E' is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English language alphabet (starting off the typographer's phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data pinch. In the story "The Gold-Bug" by Edgar Allan Poe, a graphic symbol figures out a random character lawmaking past remembering that the well-nigh used alphabetic character in English is Eastward. This makes it a hard and popular letter to employ when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at least part of Wright'southward narrative bug were caused by language limitations imposed past the lack of East."^[viii] Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered better works.^[9]

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

Eastward with diacritics: Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Ě ě Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ^[10]
ⱸ : Eastward with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet^[11]
Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter of the alphabet in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet just uses lowercase, simply uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid forepart unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶓ : Epsilon / open e with retroflex hook^[10]
- Ɜ ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ɝ : Latin small letter reversed epsilon / open e with hook, which represents a rhotacized open-mid primal vowel in the IPA
- ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open due east with retroflex claw^[10]
- ᶟ : Modifier letter small reversed epsilon / open e^[10]
- ɞ : Latin minor letter of the alphabet airtight reversed open up e, which represents an open-mid central rounded vowel in IPA (shown as ʚ on the 1993 IPA chart)
- 𐞏 : Modifier letter small airtight reversed open east, which is a superscript IPA letter^[12]
- Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
- Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter of the alphabet turned east, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
- ɘ : Latin letter reversed e, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
- 𐞎 : Modifier alphabetic character small reversed e, which is a superscript IPA letter^[12]
The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of e and epsilon / open east:^[xiii]
- U+1D07 ᴇ LATIN LETTER Small Capital letter East
- U+1D08 ᴈ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Open Eastward
- U+1D31 ᴱ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL E
- U+1D32 ᴲ MODIFIER LETTER Capital REVERSED E
- U+1D49 ᵉ MODIFIER Letter SMALL East
- U+1D4B ᵋ MODIFIER Letter of the alphabet SMALL Open up E
- U+1D4C ᵌ MODIFIER LETTER Minor TURNED Open E
- U+2C7B ⱻ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED East ^[14]
_eastward : Subscript small east is used in Indo-European studies^[15]
Teuthonista phonetic transcription arrangement symbols related to Due east:^[sixteen]
- U+AB32 ꬲ LATIN Modest LETTER BLACKLETTER East
- U+AB33 ꬳ LATIN Small-scale Alphabetic character BARRED East
- U+AB34 ꬴ LATIN Small LETTER E WITH FLOURISH

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

𐤄 : Semitic letter of the alphabet He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
  - Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
  - Є є : Ukrainian Ye
  - Э э : Cyrillic letter E
  - Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
  - 𐌄 : Old Italic E, which is the ancestor of modern Latin E
    - ᛖ : Runic alphabetic character Ehwaz, which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic E
  - 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

€ : Euro sign.
℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Marriage).
e : the symbol for the elementary charge (the electric accuse carried by a single proton)
∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic. It is read "at that place exists ... such that".
∈ : the symbol for set membership in set theory.
𝑒 : the base of the natural logarithm.

Code points

Character information
Preview	E		eastward
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E		LATIN Small Letter E
Encodings	decimal	hex	december	hex
Unicode	69	U+0045	101	U+0065
UTF-8	69	45	101	65
Numeric character reference	E	E	e	e
EBCDIC family	197	C5	133	85
ASCII ¹	69	45	101	65

^ane Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

In British Sign Linguistic communication (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed by extending the index finger of the correct mitt touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.

Utilize equally a number

In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, East is a number that corresponds to the number 14 in decimal (base 10) counting.

References

^ "E" a letter Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English language Unabridged (1993). Ees is the plural of the name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered E'southward, Eastsouthward, eastward'south, or due easts.
^ "Due east". Oxford Lexicon of English language (tertiary ed.). Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN9780199571123. noun (plural Es or E's)
^ Kelk, Brian. "Letter frequencies". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2022-02-02 .
^ Lewand, Robert. "Relative Frequencies of Letters in Full general English Plain text". Cryptographical Mathematics. Fundamental Higher. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in Castilian". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in German". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
^ Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Trip the light fantastic: Recreational Word Play. New York: St. Martin'south Printing (1996): 3
^ Eckler (1996): 3. Perec'southward novel "was and so well written that at to the lowest degree some reviewers never realized the existence of a letter constraint."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add together additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
^ Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
^ ^a ^b Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode asking for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-twenty). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding iii Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-x-eleven. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/xi-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-xi. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .

External links